Python match…case Statement

The match…case statement allows us to execute different actions based on the value of an expression.

The syntax of the match...case statement in Python is:

match expression:

  case value1:
    # code block 1 

  case value2:
    # code block 2 

  ...

Here, expression is a value or a condition to be evaluated.

If expression is equal to

• value1, the code block 1 is executed.
• value2, the code block 2 is executed.

In a match statement, only one of the options will be executed. Once a match is found, the corresponding block of code runs, and the rest are skipped.

Note: The match..case statement was introduced in Python 3.10 and doesn’t work on older versions. It is similar to the switch…case statement in other programming languages such as C++ and Java.

Now, let’s look at a few examples of the match..case statement.

Example 1: Python match…case Statement

operator = input("Enter an operator: ")

x = 5
y = 10

match operator:
    case '+':
        result = x + y
    case '-':
        result = x - y
    case '*':
        result = x * y
    case "https://www.programiz.com/":
        result = x / y        

print(result)

Output 1

Enter an operator: *
50

The operator variable stores the input from the user, which represents a mathematical operator. The match statement evaluates the value of operator and runs the corresponding code block.

If operator is:

• + : result = x + y is executed.
• - : result = x - y is executed.
• * : result = x * y is executed.
• / : result = x / y is executed.

While this program works for inputs +, –, *, and /, it will result in an error if we enter any other character as an operator.

Output 2

Enter an operator: %
ERROR!
NameError: name 'result' is not defined

We are getting this error because the input value (%) doesn’t match with any cases.

To solve this problem, we can use the default case.

The default case

We use the default case, which is executed if none of the cases are matched. Here’s how we use a default case:

match expression:

   case value1:
      ....
   case value2:
      ...
   case _:     # default case
      ....

Here, _ represents the default case.

Let’s solve the above error using the default case.

Example 2: The default case

operator = input("Enter an operator: ")

x = 5
y = 10

match operator:
    case '+':
        result = x + y
    case '-':
        result = x - y
    case '*':
        result = x * y
    case "https://www.programiz.com/":
        result = x / y
    case _:
         result = "Unsupported operator"

print(result)

Output

Enter an operator: %
Unsupported operator

Understanding Python match…case with Flowchart

Using match…case with | Operator

The match...case statement in Python is very flexible. For an instance, it is possible to match an expression against multiple values in case clauses using the | operator.

For example,

status = int(input("Enter the status code: "))

match status:
    case 200 | 201 | 202:
        print("Success")
    case 400 | 401 | 403:
        print("Client error")
    case 500 | 501 | 502:
        print("Server error")
    case _:
        print("Unknown status")

Output 1

Enter the status code: 500
Server error

Output 2

Enter the status code: 700
Unknown status

In each case, the | operator is used to match against multiple values. If the status value matches any of the values in a certain case, the code within that case will execute:

• 200 | 201 | 202: Prints "Success" if status is 200, 201, or 202.
• 400 | 401 | 403: Prints "Client error" if status is 400, 401, or 403.
• 500 | 501 | 502: Prints "Server error" if status is 500, 501, or 502.

In Python, we can also use the if statement in the case clauses. This is called guard, which adds an additional condition to an expression.

If the guard condition (the if statement) evaluates to False, the match statement skips that case and continues to the next one.

For example,

subject = input("Enter a subject: ")
score = int(input("Enter a score: "))

match subject:
    # if score is 80 or higher in Physics or Chemistry
    case 'Physics' | 'Chemistry' if score >= 80:
        print("Excellent in Science!")
        
    # if score is 80 or higher in English or Grammar
    case 'English' | 'Grammar' if score >= 80:
        print("Excellent in English!")

    # if score is 80 or higher in Maths
    case 'Maths' if score >= 80:
        print("Excellent in Maths!")
        
    case _:
        print(f"Needs improvement in subject!")

Output1

Enter a subject: Chemistry
Enter a score: 95
Excellent in Science!

Here, case 'Physics' | 'Chemistry' if score >= 80: is executed because the subject matches "Chemistry" and the score 95 satisfies the if condition (score >= 80).

In case clauses, we used if statement to add an additional condition. Here, it checks whether the score is 80 or higher.

Note: When we use an if statement in cases, the if condition is evaluated only after a case match is found.