Difference between Process and Thread in Java

One of the common questions from programming interviews is, what is the difference between a Thread and a Process? Well, the main difference between them is that a Process is a program that is executing some code and a thread is an independent path of execution in the process. A process can have more than one thread for doing independent tasks e.g. a thread for reading data from disk, a thread for processing that data, and another thread for sending that data over the network. This technique to improve throughput and better utilize CPU power is also known as multi-threading.

Technically, the most significant difference between threads is to address space and context switching. All threads from a process share the same address space but a process has its own address space. Similarly, context switching between processes is more expensive than context switching between threads.

And, if you are serious about mastering Java multi-threading and concurrency then I also suggest you take a look at these best Java multithreading courses to learn  Multithreading, concurrency, and Parallel programming in Java with a strong emphasis on high performance

Thread vs Process

Let’s analyze some more differences between a Thread and a process in a programming language like Java or from an operating system perspective:

1. Address Space 

All threads from the same process share the memory space of the process that created it, on the other hand, each process has its own address space.

2. Communication 

Threads can directly communicate with other threads of the same process. Many programming languages e.g. Java provide tools for inter-thread communication. It’s much cheaper than inter-process communication, which is expensive and limited.

3. Overhead 

Threads have less overhead compared to Process in terms of metadata, context switch, and CPU and memory requirement.

4. Data Segment

A thread has direct access to the data segment of its process, an individual process has its own copy of the data segment of the parent process. See the difference between Stack and heap for more details.

5. Creation 

New threads can be easily created e.g. in Java you can create a new thread by creating an object of the Thread class and calling the start() method on it, while a new process requires duplication of the parent process.

6. Behavior 

Changes to the parent thread e.g. cancelation, priority, the daemon may affect the behavior of the other threads of the process, but changes to the parent process do not affect the child process.

7. Existence 

A thread cannot exist without a process. Also, a process, at least, has one thread to do the job e.g. main thread for Java programs

8. Context Switching 

Since all threads from the same process share the same address space, inter-thread communication and context switching between them are much faster than inter-process communication and context switching between the process.

These were some fundamental differences between thread and process which every programmer should know. If you don’t then I suggest you must read Java Threads By Scott Oaks, one of the great introductory books on multithreading.

Similarities between Process and Thread

Both Thread and process share lot of similarity in the sense that both executes code, both have ID, execution time, based priority and exit status. 

Both can create another process and thread as well, but the thread has a greater degree of control over other threads of the same process. The process only has control over the child’s process.

There is a saying that one image is equal to 1000 words, here is one diagram which will help you learn the difference between thread and process clearly:

Also, the difference between Thread and process depends upon operating system implementation. For example, there is very little difference between a thread and a process in Linux than Windows.